Diabetes is recognized as one of the most common non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs).
The primary goal of diabetes treatment is to maintain blood sugar levels within an appropriate range. Achieving this requires comprehensive health care, lifestyle modifications, and a clear understanding of correct medication use. Here, we present essential knowledge to help diabetes patients use their medications safely and effectively.
Currently, there are two primary types of diabetes medications: oral medications and injectable insulin.
1. Oral Medications for Diabetes
Oral diabetes medications may be prescribed for use before or after meals. It is crucial to follow the instructions on the label or as prescribed by the doctor or pharmacist. These medications are categorized into the following main groups:
Sulfonylureas (e.g., Glibenclamide, Glipizide): Typically taken 30 minutes before meals, 1-2 times a day, as prescribed by the doctor.
Biguanides (e.g., Metformin): Usually taken immediately after meals to minimize gastrointestinal side effects, typically 2-3 times a day as directed.
Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors (e.g., Acarbose, Glucobay): Should be taken with the first bite of a meal, with the dosage adjusted to align with the patient’s meal schedule.
Thiazolidinediones (e.g., Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone): Taken 15-30 minutes after meals, 1-2 times daily as prescribed.
2. Injectable Insulin
There are two main types of injectable insulin:
- Clear Insulin and Cloudy Insulin: Before injecting, the insulin vial should be gently rolled between the palms to bring it to body temperature, but avoid shaking to prevent air bubbles. Insulin can be injected under the skin in areas such as the abdomen, upper arm, thigh, and hip. The abdomen is often the preferred site for its consistent absorption rate, but injections should be made at least 1-2 inches away from the navel, with rotation between sites to avoid repeated use of the same spot daily.
The timing of insulin injections should align with meals and the insulin type. For rapid-acting insulin, injections are typically administered 15 minutes before meals, while short-acting insulin is given 30 minutes before meals. Intermediate or long-acting insulin may be administered before meals or at bedtime, and daily injections should occur at consistent times to help stabilize blood sugar levels.
Principles of Diabetes Medication Use
Consistency: Medications and/or insulin injections should be taken as prescribed daily to control blood sugar levels and prevent complications in other organs. Do not stop, increase, or decrease the dose without consulting a doctor.
Meal-Related Dosages: Since many diabetes medications are related to meal timing, it is beneficial to set an alarm or reminder for timely intake of both oral medications and insulin.
Avoid Using Others’ Medications: Do not take medication prescribed for someone else.
Regular Medical Consultations: Attend medical appointments as scheduled and inform the doctor of medication adherence, as it may influence blood sugar levels.
Side Effects: If severe side effects occur, seek medical assistance immediately.
Herbal or Supplement Use: Avoid using herbal or dietary supplements to control blood sugar as they may interfere with current medications and increase the risk of side effects.
Proper Medication Storage: For oral medications, use a daily pill container if doses need to be divided, but avoid storing them in ways that expose them to moisture or light. Injectable insulin should be kept in the refrigerator at 4-8 degrees Celsius, away from the refrigerator door and freezer section. Insulin vials in use can be stored at room temperature if it is not too high, but they should be used within 30 days after opening.
References:
New tab (mahidol.ac.th)
https://oryor.com/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2/detail/media_specify/714
https://somdej.or.th/?p=7015
https://www.nur.psu.ac.th/nur/file_unit/134120181018155740.pdf (Page 42-47)
https://sriphat.med.cmu.ac.th/th/knowledge-802
https://www.doctor.or.th/article/detail/4749
https://www.rajavithi.go.th/rj/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/00-Title-Cont-Diabetic1.pdf
(Slide 71-74)
แชร์